🚀#Futurism🚀
Futurism flourished in Italy for a short time between 1909 to about 1918.
Gino Severini - Sea - Dancer - 1914 - Peggy Guggenheim Museum, Venice
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Futurism emphasized the dynamism, speed, energy & power of the machine & the vitality, change & restlessness of modern life just after the turn of the century.
Gino Severini - Ballerina - Bow - Sea
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Although short lived, the movement’s influence proved strong across Europe, most significantly to the Russian avant-garde.
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
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Futurism was ‘born’ on 2/20/1909, when Le Figaro published the radical & bombastic manifesto by F.T. Marinetti. He fully intended to outrage the establishment.
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti - Portrait
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Marinetti coined the word Futurism to reflect his goal of discarding the art of the past & celebrating change, originality, & innovation in culture & society.
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
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Marinetti’s manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed, power & movement.
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
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Futurist painting used elements of neo-impressionism & cubism to create compositions that expressed the idea of the dynamism, the energy & movement, of modern life.
Umberto Boccioni - Visioni Simultanee - circa 1911 city
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Chief artists associated with futurism were Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini.
Giacomo Balla - Watermelon
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Marinetti’s manifesto inspired a group of young painters in Milan to apply Futurist ideas to the visual arts.
Giacomo Balla - Speed & Sound -1913-1914
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Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo, Giacomo Balla, and Gino Severini published several manifestos on painting in 1910.
Giacomo Balla - ‘Canto patriottico - Piazza Siena' - 1915
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Like Marinetti, they glorified originality and expressed their vociferous disdain for artistic traditions of the past.
Giacomo Balla - Landscape pastel
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In the beginning Futurists wanted capture visually the dynamic perception of movement, speed, & change.
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti curves
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To achieve this, the Futurist painters adopted Picasso & Braque’s Cubist technique using fragmented & intersecting plane surfaces.
Gino Severini - 1912 - Dancer at Pigalle
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They also used outlines to show several simultaneous views of an object.
Giacomo Balla - Speeding Automobile - 1913
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But most importantly Futurists sought to portray the object’s movement, so their works typically include ‘rhythmic spatial repetitions’ of an object’s outlines during transit.
Benedetta Cappa - Velocità di motoscafo - 1924
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Perhaps they were influenced by Marcel Duchamp’s landmark work Nude Descending a Staircase.
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The effect resembles multiple photographic exposures (MPE) of a moving object. Perhaps they were influenced by photographer Eadweard Muybridge’s work capturing a horse galloping via MPE.
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An example is Balla’s painting Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912), in which a trotting dachshund’s legs are depicted as a blur of multiple images.
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The Futurist paintings differed from Cubist work in other important ways.
Gino Severini
Blue Dancer (Ballerina blu)
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While the Cubists favored still life & portraiture, the Futurists preferred subjects such as speeding automobiles and trains, racing cyclists, dancers, animals, and urban crowds.
The Charge of the Lancers. Umberto Boccioni - 1915
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Futurist paintings feature a riot of bright & vibrant colors & reveal dynamic compositions in which rhythmically swirling forms resemble ‘violent’ movement.
The Street Pavers - Umberto Boccioni - 1914
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Boccioni also became interested in sculpture, publishing a manifesto on the subject in the spring of 1912.
Umberto Boccioni - Elasticity - 1912
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He realized his theories in two sculptures, Development of a Bottle in Space (1912), in which he represented both the inner and outer contours of a bottle,
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And Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913), in which a human figure is not portrayed as one solid form but is instead composed of the multiple planes in space through which the figure moves.
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Antonio Sant’Elia’s visionary architectural drawings of highly mechanized cities & boldly modern skyscrapers influence some of the most imaginative 20th-century architectural planning.
Antonio Sant'Elia: "Studio per una Centrale Elettrica", 1914.
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Boccioni and Sant’Elia both died during military service in 1916.
Antonio Sant'Elia - La Citta Nuova (1914)
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Boccioni’s death, combined with expansion of the group’s personnel & the sobering realities of the devastation caused by World War I, effectively brought an end to the Futurist movement.
Gino Severini - Armored Train in Action - 1915
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“Post WWI, many artists rejected the avant-garde notions of futurism & other pre-war movements, by using more traditional & familiar approaches, a phenomenon described as the ‘return to order’.”
Gino Severini - 1912 - Dynamism of a Dancer
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If you enjoyed this thread please check out #PopArt, #GermanExpressionism, #PreRaphaelites, #Dadaism #Surrealism. #Bauhaus & #AshCanSchool #Fauvism #Cubism
Next up? #Vorticism - stay-tuned!
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Luigi Russolo dynamisme d'une automobile, 1913
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