Depiction of a temple having a dome and entrance framed within a 'pointed arch'
Dated: ~1-3rd century CE
Entrance is likely derived from arched torana with concentric arches, space between them is beautifully decorated with scrollwork and floral patterns. #Gandhara
Dome of the temple was capped by Kalasha.
Fortunately there are various temples same features which survived the wrath of Islamic invaders. See the one in below link
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1)Finely crafted Cannon with tiger's head like opening, Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
"India’s military technology is history’s greatest ‘hidden’ secret."
Until early 19th century CE, India alone had total monopoly over production of gunpowder.
2)"Unlike China, with an odd textual reference or a drawing or a singular artefact, was the entire industry in India – which remained unrivalled in the history of the world. Compared to China’s paltry production of gunpowder, India’s widespread and organized gunpowder production
3)...system points towards indigenous development. [There are reports, that in “664 an Indian visitor to China reportedly demonstrated the peculiar flamability of saltpeter and provided instructions on how to locate it (Pacey 1990, 16)."]”
Chand Baori stepwell, Abhaneri ,Rajasthan
Dated: ~9th Century CE
The four sided 13 storied stepwell is over 100feet deep and lined with over 3500steps with an amazing geometrical precision. This stepwell is one of the largest stepwells, a magnificent device to store water.
A large stepwell and temples, Bundi(Rajasthan)
Anda(dome) surmounted by Kalasha forms the Shikhara of temple.
It is known as Dabhai Kund. Currently filled with dogshit and garbage. It is maintained by ASI.
Just see the huge, finely cut pieces of stone used in this temple. Also note the pointed arch(lotus petal arch) niche at the centre of the rectangular temple(fourth image). There are thousands of such temples lying in ruins.
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Central niche of Adina Masjid, Pandua
These mihrabs are nothing but niche(s) sans Vigraha as suggested by E. B. Havell. 1. Trefoil arch resting pillars with Kalasha base(such pillars are depicted in Shunga sculptures)
2. Trefoil arch with extant Shikhara of Kalinga type
Here is a Pala era Vigraha(sculpture) of Vishnu of most exquisite form.
Note the proportions of trefoil arch and columns. Exact same and why not, after all both are product of same tradition. It is a lie that Torana were only wooden gateways of Sanchi type.
1)Relief depicting naval vessel, Borobudur Temple, Java(Indonesia)
Dated: ~8th century CE or older
Even before the accounts of the 1st century BC, there were written accounts of Shipbuilding and war-craft at sea.
2)Professor R.C. Majumdar says that there existed a comprehensive book of Naval-architecture in India dating back to 2nd century BCE, if not earlier.
3)The history of Indian shipping and maritime activities goes back probably to the early times of the Rgveda. The Jatakas, the Greek and Roman authors, the early Tamil poems as well as a host of archaeological discoveries in India and abroad
1)Remains of temples from Ayutthaya city, capital of ancient Siam(Thailand)
Ayutthaya was named after 'Ayodhya' of Ramayana. Ayutthaya was one of the prominent cities of ancient Indic world, with the population perhaps reaching 1,000,000 around 1700 CE. Brahmins played great role
2) Temples of Ayutthaya were numerous in forms. For example this temple was essentially modelled after Stupa and having pointed arched niche in cardinal directions, typical Indian feature. Second one, is similar in form except it follows usual square plan.
3) Wat Chaiwatthanaram was built to represent mount Meru and followed a plan somewhat similar to Angkor. Central temple is flanked by 4 small towers replica of main Shrine. There are 4shrines at the corners of cloister.
1)A Preacher(Brahmin) Expounding The Poorans. In The Temple of Unn Poorna(Annapurna), Benares(Uttar Pradesh)
Note the stylized trefoil arch ending as lotus bud. Trefoil arch is one of the most popular arch form from ancient Gandharan region to ancient Bangal.
2) It was Bengal style of architecture which was influential in temples of Bagan, Burma. Burmese records also hints that Brahmins from Bengal region were chief architects. Hence, presence of true arch in Burmese temples is not surprising at all.
3)..due to lack of major stone queries, and brick being main construction material it was necessity of Bengal school of architecture to employ arches. Without it, civil architecture wouldn't have been that effective. Burmese temples used curvilinear Shikhara with Stupa domes.